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Suspended Education: Urban Middle Schools in Crisis

Authors: Daniel J. Losen, Civil Rights Project, Russell J. Skiba, Indiana University
Date Published: September 13, 2010

In order to better understand the issues of efficacy and fairness in the use of out-of-school suspension, we first must answer two questions: How frequently is suspension being used in our schools? Are there significant differences in the frequency of suspension when we look at subgroups of children by race/ethnicity and gender? This report, published by the Southern Poverty Law Center with research by CRP Senior Law and Education Policy Associate Daniel Losen and Indiana University Professor Russell Skiba, is designed to help answer these questions.
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Summary

Middle schools across the country are suspending children with alarming frequency, particularly in some large urban school districts, where often schools were found to have suspended a third or more of their black male students [BG1]  in a given year.The study found that African-American children are suspended far more frequently than white children in general, with especially high racial differences in middle school, causing them to miss valuable class time during a crucial period in their academic and social development. Senior Law and Education Policy Assoc., Daniel Losen of CRP and Russell Skiba, professor at Indiana University, analyzed the national sample collected by the U.S. Department of Education which included more than 9,000 middle schools. Using hard to access federal middle school data, the authors found that 28.3 percent of black males, on average, were suspended at least once during a school year, nearly three times the 10 percent rate for white males. Black female middle school students were suspended more than four times as often as white females (18 percent vs. 4 percent). 

For all students in the national sample, the average suspension rate was 11.2 percent. Hispanic males faced a 16.3 percent risk of suspension

Key district and school level findings:       

  • Urban school districts had higher than average middle school suspension rates. Across 18 of the nation's largest urban districts  the average suspension rate for all students was 22.2 percent, double the national average. The study found that 175 middle schools in these 18 districts suspended more than one third of their black male students. Of those middle schools, 84 suspended more than half the black males enrolled. Schools with high rates of suspension were also found for other racial groups.
  • The study adds to a growing body of research questioning the fairness and effectiveness of zero-tolerance polices, which often mandate suspensions for specified offenses.

    “As the number of suspensions for kids of all races and all grades has risen dramatically, the gap between suspension rates for blacks and whites has more than tripled – from about 3 percentage points in the 1970s to over 10 percentage points today,” Losen said. “The incredibly high frequency of suspension use in urban middle schools, and the large numbers of youth of color who miss school as a result, is rarely discussed in debates about what we must do to improve our schools.”
  •  The researchers focused on middle schools because studies suggest that suspensions in those grades may have significant, long-term repercussions for students and because few previous studies have separated middle school data from that for all grades, masking the extraordinarily high frequency of suspension in middle schools.
  • Using 2006 data from the U.S. Department of Education’s (DOE) Office for Civil Rights – the most recent data available – the study examined suspensions in approximately 9,220 middle schools in every state in the country. This data was used to calculate the percentage of a given racial or ethnic group suspended at least once during a school year.
  • While most of the 18 urban districts studied had several schools that suspended more than 50 percent of a given racial/gender group, in some districts the district-wide rate for suspensions exceeded 50% for Black students. In the Palm Beach County, Fla., school district, for example, the suspension rate for black males was 53 percent. The Milwaukee, Wis., school district had a suspension rate of 52 percent for black females.
  • “The study shows very high rates of discipline for black students in some of our large urban districts,” Skiba said. “The important policy question this raises is whether we as a society are comfortable with putting this many students out of school, especially since we know about the negative effects of being out of school.”
  •  An earlier study of all out-of-school suspensions in one state found only 5 percent were issued for disciplinary incidents typically considered serious or dangerous, such as possession of weapons or drugs. The remaining 95 percent were either categorized as “disruptive behavior” or “other.” The study released today also notes there is, in general, no evidence that racial disparities in school discipline are the result of higher rates of disruption among black students.                                                                                                                

Recommendations: 

The study recommends that policymakers pay much closer attention to school suspensions at the school and district level and use suspension data as a regular part of school and district evaluations. Further, the U.S. Department of Education should identify and address unlawful discrimination. and federal law should require an increase in the collection and reporting of school suspension and related discipline data, especially data that looks at both race and gender. These data could help identify schools with high suspension rates for review as well as to provide technical assistance on effective alternatives to suspension for schools in crisis.

 


In compliance with the UC Open Access Policy, this report has been made available on eScholarship:

http://escholarship.org/uc/item/8fh0s5dv

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